小作文

一、重点题型：书信+告示
二、采分点：内容+结构+语言准确性+格式+语域

书信

书信：称呼+正文+客套语+署名

称呼：

不知对方姓名/机构：Dear Sir or Madam,To Whom It May Concern,
熟悉：Dear+名/关系(Dear Bob/.Aunt,)
Dear+职位/身份：Dear Editor,,Dear Friends,Dear Fellow Students,Dear Club Members.
Dear+敬称+姓（名）：Dear Mr.Ms.Mrs.Miss Wang,Dear Prof.Smith,

正文:

首段: (自我介绍/寒暄/背景描述+)写作目的.
中间段: 覆盖情景信息点(审题：简化表达；层次).
末段: 感谢/道歉/祝福+希望/要求/期待.

客套语：Yours sincerely,/Yours,
署名：Li Ming

寒暄：好久不见/刚刚回来/收到来信/表示祝贺

It has been a long time since we last met.How’s everything going with you?/What are youbusy with these days?
自从我们上次见面已经有很长时间了。你一切都好吗？/这些天你在忙什么？
I’m now back to China safe and sound./I have returned safely to my home.
我现在已安然无恙回到中国。/我已经安全回家了。
I’m very pleased to hear from you./It’s really a pleasure for me to have received your e-mail.
我很高兴收到你的来信。/很高兴收到你的电子邮件。
Congratulations!I am so glad to hear that you have been admitted to university.
祝贺！很高兴听到你考上了大学

介绍：学生身份/官职身份/与对方关系

I am an undergraduate majoring in…at a university in Beijing.
我是北京一所大学的…专业的本科生。
I am the Chairman of the Students’Union in our university.(the Postgraduates’Association/the English Speech Contest Committee)
我是我们学校的学生会主席。（研究生会/英语演讲比赛委员会。…)
I am a faithful reader of your newspaper.
我是你们报纸的忠实读者。
I am an enthusiastic/passionate advocate of Project Hope.
我是希望工程的热心支持者。

感谢：万能感谢+具体感谢

Thank you very much for your due attention to my email..
非常感谢您对我这封邮件的关注。
Many thanks to you for your kindness and timely help.
非常感谢你的善良和及时的帮助。
I am obliged to you for your unselfish assistance during….and I hope to have the opportunity of rewarding your kindness..
非常感谢您在….期间无私的帮助，我希望有机会报答你的好意。

道歉

I am awfully sorry for any inconvenience caused.Once again,please accept my cordial apology.
对于造成的任何不便，我感到非常抱歉。请再次接受我诚挚的道歉。

祝福

Wish you a pleasant journey/stay in China.祝您旅途愉快/在中国逗留愉快。
Wish you a splendid university life.祝你的大学生活精彩。
Wish you still further success..祝你取得更大的成功。
Wish you all the best..祝你一切顺利。
Wish you good luck!祝你好运。

期盼

I would appreciate it if you would send me a reply at your earliest convenience..
如果您能尽快给我答复，我将不胜感激
I shall appreciate it a lot if you could schedule an interview with me at your convenience
果您能在方便的时候安排面试，我将不胜感激。
I shall greatly appreciate your answering my questions.
我将非常感谢你回答我的问题。
I would appreciate your considering this matter and getting back to me at your earliest convenience.
如果您能考虑一下这件事，并在方便的时候尽快给我答复，我将不胜感激

希望或要求

I strongly request you change it for another new model or I demand a full refund.
我强烈要求你们换一款新的，否则我要求全额退款。
Please don’t hesitate to contact me whenever you are in trouble.
无论什么时候你有困难，请不要犹豫，同我联系。
I hope you find my suggestions useful and I would be ready to discuss about this matter with you to further details.
我希望我的建议对您有用，我愿意与您进一步讨论这个问题。

告示

标题+日期+正文+落款

大作文

图表

1.概述图表

Given/This is a column(柱)/pie(饼)/line(折线)/table(表) chart that clearly illustrates/ shows the remarkable changes in college graduates’job location intention in a certain city from 2000 to 2020.
这是一张清晰说明的柱图表，显示了2000年至2020年某城市大学毕业生就业地点意向的显著变化。
The purpose of this column chart is to illustrate the significant differences in citizens’modes of daily transportation in a certain city between 2015 and 2021.
这幅柱状图旨在展示2015年和2021年某市居民日常出行方式的显著区别。

2.数据变化趋势(动态图表)

During this period,the number of students seeking employment has declined sharply from 68.1%to 60.7%, whereas those choosing further education and running their own business increased markedly from 26.3% and 1.3%to 34%and 2.6% respectively.在此期间，求职学生的数量从68.1%急剧下降到60.7%,而选择升学和创业的学生数量分别从26.3%和1.3%上升到34%和2.6%。

3.数据占比(静态图表)

According to the data given above,.the percentage of people exercising alone accounts for 54.3%,the largest in the four categories.The percentages of people exercising with friends,families,and by taking part in group activities take up47.7%,23.9%and15.8%respectively.根据上面给出的数据，独自锻炼的人占54.3%，在这四类中占比最大。和朋友一起、和家人一起以及通过参加团体活动进行锻炼的人分别占47.7%、23.9%和15.8%。

4.图表联系主旨

From my perspective,the tendency in the bar chart above can betraced back to three major contributors.. 在我看来，以上柱状图中的趋势是由三个主要原因造成的。

5.原因论证

In the first place,.with the prosperity of economy in China and the increase of people’s income in recent decades,a large number of people are paying more attention to the features of a restaurant instead of prices.In the second place,in a bid to develop interpersonal relationship and enjoy comfortable life,consumers in mounting numbers prefer service and environment to other factors.首先，随着中国经济的繁荣和近几十年来人们收入的增加，很多人越来越关注餐厅的特色，而不是价格。其次，为了拓展人际关系并享受舒适的生活，越来越多的消费者选择服务与环境而非其他。

6.结论句

Taking into account what has been argued, we can come to the conclusion that this established trend is positive and therefore acceptable. 考虑到上述观点，我们能够得出结论：这一既定的趋势是积极的，因此是可以接受的。
With due consideration of all these contributors, we may predict that with the speedy development of our society, customers in expanding numbers will attach utmost significance to the feature, service as well as environment of a restaurant rather than prices or other factors.. 考虑到所有这些因素，我们可以预计，随着社会的迅速发展，越来越多的消费者将更加重视餐厅的特色、服务、环境，而不是价格或其他因素。

7.展望未来

Taking all these factors into consideration, we may predict that with the quickening pace and ever-increasing pressure of campus life, the number of university students touring will keep growing in the forthcoming decade. 考虑到所有这些因素，我们可以预计：随着校园生活节奏的加快和日益增大的压力，旅游的大学生数量在未来几年将持续增加。

语料储备

学生/校园生活/能力提升

培养独立能力/独立性/独立 cultivate independence

实现经济独立 achieve financial independence (n.)

独立思考的能力 the ability to think independently (adv.)

培养逻辑思维 cultivate logical (adj.) thinking

培养良好的阅读习惯 cultivate good reading habits (复数)

培养精英与人才 cultivate elites (复数) and talents (复数)

广交朋友 make friends extensively （adv.）

参加社团活动 participate in community

平衡学习与娱乐 balance study and entertainment

开拓视野 expand/broaden one’s horizons

欣赏风景 admire/enjoy the view/scenery

祖国的大好河山 the great rivers and mountains of the motherland

放松身心 relax one’s bodies and minds

缓解压力 relieve/alleviate one’s pressure on sth.

快节奏的社会 fast-paced (adj.) society

学业/生存压力 academic (adj.) /survival (adj.) stress

就业率/失业率 employment/unemployment rate

文化/社会现象

文化交流/融合 cultural (adj.) exchanges (复数) / integration (不可数)

传统中国文化 traditional Chinese culture

儒教/佛教/道教 Confucianism/Buddhism/T(D)aoism

京剧/书法 Peking Opera/Chinese calligraphy

辉煌灿烂的文化遗产 splendid and glorious cultural heritage

文化多元化 cultural diversity (n.)

保存珍惜 preserve (v.) and cherish (v.)

中国文明的起源和历史 the origin and history of Chinese civilization

中秋节/端午节/春节 the Mid-Autumn Festival / the Dragon Boat Festival/the Spring Festival

取其精华，去其糟粕 absorb its essence and discard the dross

积极促进文化发展 promote cultural development positively

与时俱进 keep pace with the times (n. 时代)

支持国货的流行文化 the popular culture of supporting domestic products

上网成瘾 Internet addiction/ be addicted to the Internet

网络购物/网络游戏 online shopping/games

数码产品/电子设备 digital products/electronic devices

Special attention should be paid to the role the Internet plays in family education. In my opinion, it is suggested that parents should control the time spent by their children on electronic devices in a reasonable way.我们应该特别重视互联网在家庭教育中的作用。在我看来，建议父母以合理的方式控制孩子使用电子设备的时间

经济/消费者/市场/品牌/环境

维护消费者权益 safeguard (v.) consumer rights and interests

激烈的竞争 fierce/stiff/intense competition

增强竞争力 strengthen/enhance/improve competitiveness

提供礼貌热情的服务 provide sb. with polite and hospitable services

无与伦比的消费体验 unparalleled consumption experiences

经济萧条/危机/繁荣 economic depression/crisis/prosperity

经济全球化 economic globalization

大幅度提升居民生活水平 improve people’s living standard(s) remarkably

理性消费 rational consumption

缩小城乡差距 bridge the gap between urban and rural areas

不竭余力地 spare no effort to do sth

节能环保 energy conservation and environment protection

环境友好型社会 environment-friendly society

是至关重要的 be of vital importance

垃圾分类 garbage classification/sorting

开发可再生资源 develop renewable resources

With the rapid development of the economy, the gap between urban and rural areas has been bridged, and people’s living standard has significantly improved. Therefore, people pay more attention to education quality随着经济的快速发展，城乡差距不断缩小，人们生活水平大幅度提高，因此，人们更注重教育质量

学生/教育

大一学生 freshman

大二学生 sophomore

大三学生 junior

大四学生 senior

毕业生 graduate

本科学位 a bachelor’s degree/bachelor’s degrees

研究生学位 a master’s degree/master’s degrees

学费/奖学金 tuition (不可数) /a scholarship (可数)

学业成就 academic achievements

学习优异 academic excellence

主修…. major (v.) in + 专业

辍学/辍学者 drop out (动词短语) /dropouts (可数名词)

处于人生的转折点 at a turning point of life

将不得不面临多重选择 will be inevitably faced with multiple choices

本科生活动中心 Undergraduate Activity Center

夏令营 summer camp

实用的技能 practical skills

激发创造力 stimulate creativity

探索精神/创新精神 the spirit of exploration/innovation

有前途的未来 a promising future

文科 art

理科 science

全体教师 faculty

系 departmen>

Our society spares no effort(s) to promote a universal value that education is of vital importance, which makes an an increasing number of people pursue further education for the purpose of improving their own competitiveness and coping with fierce competition in today’s society.我们的社会不遗余力宣扬一种学历很重要的普遍价值观，这就使越来越多的人选择追求进一步的深造来提升自身竞争力，以应对社会激烈的竞争。

学习方式/教育/品质行为/科技

优质的/丰富的教育资源 quality/abundant educational resources

对将来发展有益 benefit (v.) /be beneficial to one’s future development

需要练习、耐心和坚持不懈 require practice, patience and persistence/perseverance

聪明在于勤奋，天才在于积累。 Intelligence lie in diligence and genius lie in accumulation.

责任感/成就感 sense of responsibility/achievement

精益求精 strive for perfection

半途而废 give up halfway

不劳而获 reap without sowing

摆脱悲观情绪 get rid of passive mood

保持乐观 keep optimistic

克服困难与逆境 overcome difficulties (复数) and adversities

优先考虑….. give priority to sth

利远大于弊。 The advantages outweigh its disadvantages

把时间和精力放在….. focus one’s time and energy on sth

….有其优缺点 XX has/have its own pros and cons

成功的秘诀 the key to success

充分利用…的优势 make the best of the advantages of sth

The Internet has its pros and cons, but if we know how to make the best of it, then its advantages far outweigh its disadvantages. There is no denying that the rapid development of the Internet provides us with more opportunities to be exposed to quality educational resources, which makes it easier for students to expand their horizons and acquire knowledge than ever before.互联网有其优缺点，但只要我们知道如何充分利用它，那么其优势远大于劣势。不可否认的是，互联网的快速发展给我们提供了更多机会去接触优质教育资源，这使得学生开拓视野、获取知识比以往任何时候都变得更容易了

经济管理

经济不景气 recession, bleeding economy, depression, sluggish economy

失业 lose one’s job, be unemployed, be redundant, unemployment

失业加剧 job losses mount, unemployment climb

失业人数 unemployment

找工作 seek employment

找工作者 job seeker

严峻的就业形势 a tough job market

信心下滑 confidence slump

经济复苏 economic recovery

经济危机的影响 the crisis’fallout

应对危机 face the crisis, meet the crisis, fight the crisis

遏制衰退 contain declines

成本削减 cost-cutting

创造新的就业 generate new employment

剌激消费 stimulate consumer spending

恢复 revive,recovery,.turnaround

积极的财政政策 proactive fiscal policy

减少裁员 refrain from laying off employees

减员 cut the salaried workforce

结构调整 structural adjustment

经济刺激方案 stimulus package,stimulus plan

就业指导 career guidance

扩大内需 propel/drive/expand domestic demand

基础设施建设 infrastructure construction

减免税收 tax relief

实行节约 practice economy

适度宽松的货币政策 moderately loose monetary policy

政府紧急援助 government bailout

政府做某事的决心 government’s vow to do sth.

市场经济体制 the market economy system

经济全球化 economic globalization

国际经济组织 international economic organization

科技进步 advancements in science and technology

跨国公司 multinational

私营企业 private enterprise

汽车产业 automobile industry

房地产业 real estate industry

电信产业 telecommunication industry

国产品牌 domestic/national/Chinese brand

改革开放 the reform and opening-up

社会保障体系 social security system

住房问题 housing problem

公用基础设施 public infrastructure

摩天大楼 skyscraper

可持续的城市发展 sustainable urban development

城市化 urbanization

市场份额 market share/portion

环境保护类

提高环保意识 enhance environmental awareness
环境保护 environmental protection
可持续发展战略 sustainable development strategy
宜人的生活环境 pleasant living environment
生态系统 ecosystem

减排（减少温室气体排放） reduce the emission(of greenhouse gases)
降低资源消耗率 slow down the rate of resource degradation
环保产品 environment–friendly products
全球变暖 global warming
低碳经济 low-carbon economy
清洁可再生能源 clean renewable energy
气候变化 climate change

环境恶化 environmental deterioration
滥伐森林 deforestation
人口增长 population growth
野生动物保护 wildlife protection
野生物种 wild species
过度开发 reckless exploitation

主题词

教育类

“double reduction”policy 双减政策

vocational education 职业教育

compulsory education 义务教育

all-round education 素质教育

exam-oriented education 应试教育

online education 远程/在线教育

credit 学分

score 分数

knowledge hierarchy 知识体系

deliver knowledge 传授知识

achievement assessment system 成绩评估体系

extracurricular activities 课外活动

academic stress 学业压力

The Ministry of Education 教育部

intellectual curiosity 求知欲

e-learning 在线学习

pursue further study 继续深造

well-rounded development of a child 全面发展

cultural quality 文化素质

elementary education 初等教育

secondary education 中等教育

higher education 高等教育

compulsory course 必修课

optional course 选修课

master’s degree 硕士学位

bachelor’s degree 学士学位

doctor’s degree 博士学位

excellent faculty 优秀的师资队伍

National Postgraduate Entrance Exams 研究生入学考试

National College Entrance Examination 高考

finish school successfully 顺利完成学业

文化类

fine traditional Chinese culture 优秀的中华传统文化

cultural confidence 文化自信

foster the national spirit 培养民族精神

cultural innovation 文化创新

cultural heritage 文化遗产

inject new vitality into 为什么注入新的活力

ethnic culture 民族文化

cultural diversity 文化多元化

carry forward traditional culture 弘扬传统文化

the construction of spiritual civilization 精神文明建设

mainstream culture 主流文化

cultural soft strength 文化软实力

folk culture 乡土文化

intangible cultural heritage 非物质文化遗产

presentation/ lecture 讲座

spiritual nutrition 精神食粮

folk art 民间艺术

经济类

live streaming 直播

online consumption 网络消费

e-commerce 电子商务

Internet Plus initiatives 互联网+

startups and innovation 创业和创新

supply-side structural reform 供给侧结构性改革

disposable income 可支配收入

tap consumption potential 挖掘消费潜力

big data 大数据

overall national strength 国家综合实力

decent salaries 体面的工资

top/ poor quality 质量好/不好

dynamic momentum 强劲的势头

employment prospects 就业前景

promotion 晋升/促销/促进

recruitment 招聘

catering consumption 餐饮消费

mobile payment 移动支付

Alipay 支付宝

Wechat 微信

科技类

virtual reality 虚拟现实

疫情类

temperature screening 体温侦测

face mask 口罩

toilet paper 卫生纸

attend online courses 上网课

allow employees to telecommute 允许员工远程办公

热点类

World Cup 世界杯

short videos 短视频

digital currency 数字货币

driverless car 无人驾驶汽车

space industry 航天事业

loT(Internet of Things) 物联网

cyber crime 网络犯罪

社交媒体类

netizen 网民

人生哲理类

rat race;competitive(adj.) 内卷

favorable circumstance 有利环境

adverse circumstance/adversity 逆境

conceit/arrogance/self-satisfied 自满

modesty/humility 谦虚

diligence and thriftiness 勤劳节约

courtesy/politeness 礼貌

respect/esteem/reverence 尊敬

undaunted/courageous 勇敢的

team spirit 团队精神

prudent/cautious 谨慎的

perseverance/persistence 坚持，毅力

public morality 公德

两代关系类

bring up/raise 养育

filial piety 孝道

practice filial piety 奉行孝道

be well-treated by 被善待

honor parents and respect the old and care for the young 尊老爱幼

sibling 兄弟姐妹

senior citizen老人

be deserted 被抛弃

ethical value 伦理价值

stay-at-home children 留守儿童

raising children 抚养孩子

shoulder/assume/undertake one’s duties/responsibility 承担责任

avoid/shrink one’s duties/responsibility 逃避责任

visit parents regularly 定期看望父母

aging society 老龄化社会

generation gap 代沟

over-indulgence 溺爱

set an example 树立榜样

support/take care of/sustain the elderly 赡养老人

作文模板

小作文

建议信

Directions: Some international students are coming to your university. Write them an email in the name of the Postgraduate Association to
① extend your welcome and
② provide some suggestions for their campus life here
Dear Friends
On behalf of the Postgraduate Association of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, I would like to extend a heartfelt welcome to all of the overseas students who will study at our university.
It gives me great pleasure to make two practical suggestions to you. Life at this prestigious university may not be as relaxing as you expected. You must work hard to respond to numerous lessons, lots of homework and countless exams. In spite of all these challenges, you can still enjoy your life here. It is strongly advised that you take part in various extracurricular activities like sports meets, speech contests, social gatherings and dances, which can provide you with ample opportunities to make friends.
All in all, studying at this university will be worthwhile. I hope you will enjoy yourselves here!

邀请信

Directions: Write an email to invite a famous professor to give a lecture to the students who love English in your university.
Dear Professor Alexander,
On behalf of all the students at my university who share a love for the English language, I cordially invite you to give a lecture at Beijing Foreign Studies University.
As you are one of the leading experts in the English language study all over the world, I believe that the students will not only be able to learn a lot from you, but to be inspired greatly by you as well. We are hoping that you will be available for a lecture on our campus on January 4, at 10: 00 am. There will be 45 minutes allocated for your lecture and 15 minutes for a question and answer session.
If you are interested in coming to our university for the lecture, you can email me at the address below. We are looking forward to your reply.
Yours sincerely
Li Ming

介绍信

Directions: Write an email to a group of international students, and introduce one of the most famous Chinese celebrities.
Dear Friends
I am writing the email to introduce one of the most prestigious Chinese celebrities to you, Confucius.
Being a great thinker, educator and founder of Confucianism, Confucius is an ancient sage during the Spring and Autumn Period. His words and life story were recorded by his disciples and their students in The Analects. As an enduring classic of Chinese ancient culture, The Analects has influenced almost all thinkers, writers and politicians in the over-2, 000-year-long history of China since Confucius.
Much of Confucian thought on Heaven and Man represents universal human values. This is perhaps why Confucian thought in the 21st century still remains the interest of not only the Chinese people but also people in other parts of the world.
Yours sincerely
Li Ming

道歉信

To Whom It May Concern,
I would like to thank you for arranging to meet with me for an interview at 10: 00 am on Monday, November 7th.
Unfortunately,I have recently been diagnosed with a serious ear infection which will require surgery on the same day as our interview.I am sorry to say that I will therefore not be able to take the interview and apologize for any inconvenience this may cause you. If possible,I would like to postpone the interview to another day later in the week.
I promise that such a thing does not usually happen.
I am looking forward to hearing from you and, again, am sorry for any trouble this may have caused you. Please kindly excuse me for not being able to inform you of my situation sooner.
Yours sincerely,
Li Ming

大作文

社会热点类：电子商务

Directions: Write an essay based on the chart below. In your essay, you should
① describe and interpret the chart, and
② give your comments.
You should write about 150 words.

As can be seen from the above bar chart, volum of global electronic commerce transactions has increased rapidly during the past 15 years. In 2000, it was almost 2 billion dollars, while the number reached 90 billion in 2010.By 2020, the number jumped dramatically to 300 billion dollars, 150 times that of 2000.
Why is electronic commerce booming nowadays?Several causes contribute to this phenomenon. Above all, the availability of computers is the foremost contributor and the rapid development of information technology enables nearly everybody to have access to the computer and the Internet. Nowadays, the Internet is no longer a stranger to common people. What is more, the Internet technology is becoming increasingly mature. People who at first do not trust business transactions online now become convinced that electronic commerce is extremely convenient and efficient. Last but not least, electronic commerce is the fastest way so far to make transactions across far distances.
The booming electronic commerce undoubtedly contributes to the prosperity of the world economy.

为什么当今的电子商务发展如此之快呢？这一现象产生的原因有以下几个：首先，电脑的普及是最主要的原因，信息技术的迅猛发展使几乎每个人都用上了电脑和互联网。现在，对普通人来说，互联网已不再陌生。其次，互联网技术正日趋成熟。起初对网上商业交易不信任的人，现在已开始相信电子商务极为方便与高效。最后但同样重要的是，电子商务是目前远距离交易最快的方式。

社会热点类：城市化

Directions: Write an essay based on the chart below. In your essay, you should
① describe and interpret the chart, and
② give your comments.
You should write about 150 words.

The chart above clearly reveals the degree of urbanization in China during the past 40 years. From 1980 to 2010 it jumped markedly from 19. 39%to 49. 95%,a rise of approximately 30%. The percentage increased steadily from 49. 95%to 63. 89% between 2010 and 2020,a rise of nearly 14%.
It goes without saying that remarkable achievements have been made in China’s urbanization since the reform and opening-up in the past few decades. First and foremost, the fundamental contributor for such a sharp increase in urban population results from China’s economic prosperity. Furthermore, urbanization has created ample job opportunities for ordinary people, especially for those migrant workers who move to urban areas. More importantly, the authorities concerned have substantially increased infrastructure facilities in urban areas, such as recreational parks and cultural centers, to satisfy the requirements of urban dwellers.
Even so, it is also worth mentioning that as people in mounting numbers enjoy the prosperity of modern cities, we cannot ignore the increasing challenges urbanization has posed to natural resources, the environment, job market and public services.

毫无疑问，自从改革开放实行几十年以来，中国城市化已经取得巨大的成就。首先且最重要的是，中国经济的繁荣是中国城市人口快速增加的根本原因。此外，城市化为普通百姓创造了大量的就业机会，尤其是为那些流动到城市的外出打工人员。更为重要的是，相关部门在城市中增加了大量基础设施，例如休闲公园、文化中心，以满足城镇居民的需求。

社会热点：扶贫成就

Directions: Write an essay based on the chart below. In your essay, you should
① describe and interpret the chart, and
② give your comments.
You should write about 150 words.

The diagram above clearly reflects that China has made tremendous achievements in poverty alleviation from 2012 to 2020. During this period, China’s impoverished rural population decreased considerably from nearly 100 million to nearly zero,a decline of 100 million. At the same time, the poverty headcount ratio also fell from approximately 10%to almost 0%.
Several primary factors that account for the above-mentioned changes could be summarized as follows.To begin with, the authorities concerned in China have adopted a combination of conventional and innovative approaches, which have helped improve rural education and healthcare. What is more, our country has put great emphasis on infrastructure establishment in poverty-stricken rural areas, which has effectively bridged the gap between the rich and the poor. Last but not least, the achievements are attributed to China’s speedy economic development during the past several decades.
In short, China’s poverty alleviation campaign is particularly vital, both nationally and internationally.First of all, anti-poverty achievements allow more people to enjoy the advantages of its economic boom. In addition, the Chinese government has fulfilled its promise of lifting all people out of poverty.

促成上述变化的主要原因可以概括如下。首先，中国相关部门结合传统方法和创新方法，帮助改善了农村地区的教育和医疗水平。其次，我国非常重视农村贫困地区的基础设施建设，有效缩小了贫富差距。最后但同样重要的是，这一成就归功千过去几十年中国经济的快速发展。

社会热点类：高等教育

The chart clearly reveals the statistics of gross enrolment ratio in higher education in China from 1990 to 2020. Between 1990 and 2010, the percentage increased steadily from 3. 4%to 24. 2%,a rise of about 21%. It has risen markedly from 24. 2%to 51. 6% between 2010 and 2020.
The contributing factors that brought the above-mentioned changes could be classified as follows. Above all, with the improvement of living standards, there has been a great change in people’s ideas about education, and they are becoming increasingly aware of the necessity of receiving higher education. Moreover, China’s economic prosperity has been making great contributions to the growth of higher education. Last but not least, with the unwavering governmental support, the reform and development of higher education have made significant achievements in all aspects.
China’s success in advancing higher education has made far-reaching impacts on different sectors. To start with, the higher enrolment ratio in universities means a more competitive workforce. Besides, by bringing up advanced talents and experts, China’s higher education promotes scientific development.

首先，随着生活水平的提高，人们在教育方面的观念发生了巨大的变化，他们越来越意识到接受高等教育的必要性。其次，中国经济的繁荣对高等教育的发展有着重大贡献。最后但同样重要的是，随着政府坚定不移的支持，高等教育的改革和发展在各个方面都取得了显著的成就

教育文化类：创业

From the information given in the pie chart, we can see the survey on the reasons for starting one’s own business among college students in a certain university. Those whose ideals are to become entrepreneurs account for 44%, the biggest among all the five categories, while those who could not find suitable jobs account for 15%.
As long as they are cautious, this kind of real-world experience can greatly benefit their future careers. Above all, students who launch their own businesses can gain valuable insight into their future career path. Some students may even choose to switch majors as a result of insight gained from entrepreneurial activities. In addition, regardless of whether a student succeeds or fails in a business venture, the mere fact of having work experience will come in handy when seeking a full-time job after graduation. Employers will regard these students as more ambitious, hard-working and mature than graduates who lack such work experience.
Despite the benefits to students of “getting their feet wet”in the business world, it is crucial that they maintain academic studies as a top priority.

只要他们能谨慎行事，这种现实社会的经历对他们将来的职业是非常有益的。首先，创业的学生可以收获关千自己未来的职业道路的宝贵见解。一些学生甚至会因为创业活动中获得的见解而选择换专业。其次，且不管学生在创业中成功与否，学生拥有工作经验，毕业后找工作时就能派上用场。雇主会认为，与那些缺乏工作经验的学生相比，创业的学生有更强烈的上进心，工作更努力，而且更成熟。

硕士招生

The diagram above clearly illustrates that dramatic elevation has occurred in the recruitment of Master of Professional Accounting (MPAcc) from 2010 to 2016.In 2010, the number was at a low level, only about 10,000.Surprisingly, within no more than seven years it reached to 40,000 in 2016.
Some driving factors that contribute to the above-mentioned changes may be summarized as follows.First and foremost,China has become particularly active in the economy, which leads to the increasing demand for qualified accountants. In addition, the development of the job market on the whole cannot keep pace with the expansion of college graduates, which obliges a large number of students to stay on campus for another two or three years to get better prepared for their career.
Taking all these factors into account, we may predict that with the speedy development of our society, the number of recruitment of MPAcc will keep growing in the forthcoming decade.

促成上述变化的一些主要原因可以概括如下。首先且最重要的是，中国的经济已经变得非常活跃，这使得对合格会计的需求增加。此外，就业市场的总体发展无法跟上大学毕业生数量的增加，这促使很多学生继续在学校深造两三年，为就业做更好的准备。

100 sentence

1. Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for liveperformance are missing the point.
那些忠诚的音乐会听众回应说现场演出绝非是唱片所能替代的，可这些听众没有领会到问题的关键点。

2. Ants keep predatory insects away from where their aphids feed;Gmail keeps the spammers out of our inboxes.
蚂蚁让食肉昆虫远离蚜虫进食的地方；谷歌邮箱让滥发垃圾邮件的人远离我们的收件箱。
- predatory 捕食性的，掠夺性的

3. At the same time,people continue to treat fire as an event that needs to be wholly controlled and unleashed only out of necessity.
与此同时，人们继续把用火视为一种需要全面控制的事件，只有在必要之时才放出来使用

4. As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure,executives who don’t get the nod also may wish to move on.
在董事会迫于股东的压力严格审查继任计划的时候，那些没被选中的高管们也可能想离开。

5. Everyone needs to find their extra-their unique value contribution that makes them stand out in whatever is their field of employment.
人人都需要找到自己的额外价值一让自己在任何所在职业领域中都脱颖而出的独特价值贡献。

6. It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words,all we can do is articulate our reactions to it,and not grasp music itself.
这也是为什么当我们试图用语言来描述音乐时，我们所能做的只能是说清楚对音乐的感受，而不能理解音乐本身。

7. Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them.
科学家们立即拿出某些明显站不住脚的证据前来“救驾”，其大意是说如果鸟儿不能控制这些昆虫的数量的话，昆虫就会吃光一切。

8. A moralist,satirist,and social reformer,Dickens crafted complex plots and striking characters that capture the panorama of English society.
作为一位道德家、讽刺作家和社会改革家，狄更斯精心设计了复杂的情节和引人注目的人物，捕捉了英国社会的全貌。

9. Half a century of town and country planning has enabled it to retain an enviable rural coherence,while still permitting low-density urban living.
半个世纪的城乡规划使其（英国）得以保留令人羡慕的乡村和谐，同时仍允许低密度的城镇生活。

10. Integrity had collapsed,she argued,because of a collective acceptance that the only “sorting mechanism”in society should be profit and the market.
她认为，诚信己瓦解，因为我们集体接受的观念是，社会中唯一的“分选机制”应该是利润和市场。

11. We need them to imagine the United States as a place where they can be productive for a while without committing themselves to staying forever.
我们需要他们把美国想象为这样一个地方，在这里他们可以在一段时间内创造价值，而无需承诺永久居留于此。

12. The issue of voluntary part-time relates to Obamacare because one of the main purposes was to allow people to get insurance outside of employment.
自愿兼职工作这一问题与奥巴马医改计划相关联，因为该计划的主要目的之一就是让人们不就业也能得到医疗保险

13. Firms are now studying how genes interact,looking for correlations that might be used to determine the causes of disease or predict a drug’s efficacy.
一些公司正在研究基因是如何相互作用的，寻找可能用来确定病因或者预测药物疗效的相关性。

14. Dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses,yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains.
毫无活力的市场一定程度上反映了银行系统的瘫痪，由于担心账面损失，银行不会出售资产，但也不愿意收购那些所谓的廉价资产。

15. He adds humbly that perhaps he was “superior to the common run of me in noticing things which easily escape attention,and in observing them carefully”。
他谦虚地补充道，或许他“优于常人的地方在于能够注意到容易被忽视的东西，并对这些东西进行仔细观察”。

16. Many leading American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should possess.
许多美国领先的大学都想要他们的本科生拥有一个基础，关于每个受教育的人都应当拥有的基本准则的理念

17. Buying gifts or giving to charity is often more pleasurable than purchasing things for oneself,and luxuries are most enjoyable when they are consumed sparingly.This is apparently the reason MacDonald’s restricts the availability of its popular McRib—-a marketing trick that has turned the pork sandwich into an object of obsession
买礼物或给慈善机构捐款往往会比给自己买东西更让人开心，节俭地消费奢侈品才会给人以最大的愉悦。这显然是麦当劳限制其广受欢迎的麦当劳排骨供应量的原因—-一种使猪肉三明治成为人们“痴迷”的“对象”的“营销伎俩”

18. These benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields,they say,and they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science.
他们说，这些捐助者在各自所选择的领域都很成功，而且他们想用自己的财富让人们注意到那些在科学领域有所成就的人。

19. Perhaps faintly,they hint that people should look to intangible qualities like character and intellect rather than dieting their way to size zero or wasp-waist physiques.
这些禁令或许还隐约地暗示，人们应该注重如个性和才智等无形的品质，而不是通过节食来达到“零号身材”或“蜂腰体型”。

20. The Navy Department moved into the east wing in 1879,where elaborate wall and ceiling stenciling and marquetry floors decorated the office of the Secretary.
海军部门于1879年搬进了东翼，在那里，精心制作的墙壁、天花板上的镂花涂装和镶嵌工艺地板装饰着部长办公室

21. The researchers mapped not only the city’s vast and ornate ceremonial areas,but also hundreds of simpler apartment complexes where common people lived.
研究人员不仅绘制了这座城市广阔且装饰华丽的庆典区，还绘制了数百个普通民众居住的简单公寓建筑群。

22. Our mental health doesn’t really go anywhere;like the sun behind a cloud, it can be temporarily hidden from view,but it is fully capable of being restored in an instant.
我们的心理健康并不是真的消失不见了；就像云朵背后的太阳，它也许暂时被遮挡，但是它完全能够在瞬间重焕光芒

23. No boy who went to a grammar school could be ignorant that thee drama was a form of literature which gave glory to Greece and Rome and might yet bring honor to England.
每个进入文法学校学习的学生都知道，戏剧是一种文学形式，这种文学形式赋予希腊和罗马以荣光，并且可能也会为英国带来荣耀。

24. The most loyal customers would still get the product they favor,the idea goes,and they’d feel like they were helping sustain the quality of something they believe in.
这个想法是这样：那些最忠诚的顾客依旧会购买他们喜欢的产品，他们会觉得这是在帮助维护他们所信任的产品的品质。

25. But policymakers who refocus efforts on improving well-being rather thar simply worrying about GDP figures could avoid the forecasted doom and may even see progress.
但是那些重新致力于改善福祉，而不仅仅是担心国内生产总值数据的决策者们，就能够避免可预见的厄运，甚至可能看到进步

26. Indeed,there is something a little absurd in the state getting involved in the planning of such a fundamentally “grassroots”concept as community sports associations.
确实，让国家参与像社区体育协会这样从根本上带有“草根阶层”意味的规划是有些荒唐的。

27. While few craftsmen or farmers,let alone dependents and servants,left literary compositions to be analyzed,it is obvious that their views were less fully intellectualized.
尽管很少有工匠或农场主能留下可供分析的文学作品，更不用说他们的随从和佣人了，但很明显他们的观点并不十分理性。

28. While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories,it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments.
尽管来自律师们的评论和反馈可能会提高新闻报道的质量，但新闻记者最好还是依靠自己对事件重要性的认识而做出自己的判断。

29. Social media allows users to experience news events more intimately and immediately while also permitting them to re-share news as a projection of their values and interests.
社交媒体允许用户更密切、更迅速地体验新闻事件，同时也允许他们将新闻作为自己价值观和兴趣的投射而重新分享

30. According to research from Princeton University,people assess your competence,trustworthiness,and likeability in just a tenth of a second, solely based on the way you look.
根据普林斯顿大学的研究，人们会在仅仅十分之一秒的时间内，仅根据你的外表去评判你的能力、可信度及你受人喜欢的程度

31. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few,especially gifted peoples that,according to diffusionists,then spread to other cultures.
有些人将几乎每一项重要的文化成就归因于少数特别有天赋的民族所发明创造的，根据传播论者的看法，这些发明后来传播到了其他的文化中

32. The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us;where before we were experts in the array of limitations,now we become authorities(权威) of what is possible
好的一面是，我们知道一切都取决于我们自己，从而蕴含着无限可能；以前，我们是各种限制的专家，而现在，我们成为了一切皆有可能的权威。

33. If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant,for example,the cascade of change won’t propagate very far or affect many people.
例如，如果在这一社交网络中与最初的影响者存在两个层级的人们表现出抵制的话，那么这一连串的变化就不会传播很远或影响许多人。

34. In a workplace that’s fundamentally indifferent to your life and its meaning,office speak can help you figure out how you relate to your work and how your work defines who you are.
在一个根本不关心你的生活及其意义的职场中，办公室用语能帮助你 弄清楚自己和工作的关系，以及工作对你的身份的定义。

35. Researchers measured people’s cortisol,which is a stress marker,while they were at work and while they were at home and found it higher at what is supposed to be a place of refuge.
研究人员测量了人们在工作和在家时的皮质醇，它是一种压力标志,并发现在家这个理应是庇护所的地方，人们的皮质醇水平更高

36. While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.
尽管华盛顿和杰斐逊私下都表达过对奴隶制的不满，但是他们也明白，奴隶制是他们帮助创建的这个国家的政治和经济基础的一部分。

37. The Industrial Revolution didn’t go so well for Luddites whose jobs were displaced by mechanized looms,but it eventually raised living standards and created more jobs than it destroyed.
尽管工业革命在工作被机械化``织布机取代的卢德派分子中进展并不顺利，但它最终提高了生活水平，并创造了比被它摧毁的工作岗位更多的就业机会

38. That ruling(裁决) produced an explosion in business-method patent filings. initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive rights to specific types of online transactions.
那项裁决使得商业方法专利申请文件数量激增，起初只是一些新兴的网络公司试图抢占对某些特定类型的在线交易方法的独家专有权。

39. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable,teachers’unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.
虽然有充分的证据表明，教师素质是最重要的可变因素，但是教师工会却反对开除差教师、提拔好教师

40. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage,either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father’s line or mitochondrial DNA,which is passed down only from mothers.
然而，大多数“血统”测试只考虑一个单一的血统，要么是Y染色体“继承”通过男性在父亲的路线或线粒体DNA，这是通过只从母亲。

41. Moreover,even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs.
另外，即使人类已经直立了数百万年，我们的脚和背任然持续和双脚的姿势坐着抗争，并且不能轻松的承受大尺度的肢体动作所强加的的重复性的拉力

42. While the researchers assumed that the well-structured daily plans wouldbe most effective when it came to the execution of tasks,they were wrong:the detailed daily plans demotivated students.
虽然研究人员认为，在执行任务时，结构良好的日常计划将是最有效的，但他们错了：详细的日常计划会降低学生的积极性

43. While fossil fuels-coal,oil,gas-still generate roughly 85 percent of the world’s energy supply,it’s clearer than ever that the future belongs to renewable sources such as wind and solar.
虽然 “化石燃料”–煤炭、石油和天然气–仍占世界能源供应的大约 85%，但比以往任何时候都更清楚的是，未来属于风能和 “太阳能 “等可再生能源。

44. Only if the jobless arrive at the jobcentre with a CV,register for online job search,and start looking for work will they be eligible for benefit-and then they should report weekly rather than fortnightly.
只有当失业者带着简历来到就业中心，注册在线求职并开始找工作时，他们才有资格领取救济金，而且他们应该每周而不是每两周报告一次。

45. It is not that pink is intrinsically bad,but it is such a tiny slice of the rainbow and,though it may celebrate girlhood in one way,it also repeatedly and firmly fuses girls’identity to appearance.
这并不是说粉色本质上是不好的，但它只是彩虹中的一小部分，尽管它可能以某种方式庆祝少女时代，但它也反复而牢固地将女孩的身份与外表融合在一起

46. Here,Darwinism seems to offer justification,for if all humans share common origins,it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings.
在这里，达尔文主义似乎提供了合理的解释，因为如果所有人类都有共同的起源，那么似乎可以合理地认为，文化多样性也可以追溯到更受限制的开端。

47. If you are working on a word processor(处理器),you can take advantage of(=make use of) its capacity(能力，容量) to make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraphs by making just a few simple keyboard(键盘) commands.
如果您正在使用文字处理软件，只需在键盘上执行几个简单的命令，就可以利用它的功能进行添加和删除，以及移动整个段落。

48. This success,coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined,led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive(认知的) exercise than an intuitive(直觉的) one.
这一成功，加上后来的研究表明记忆本身并不是由基因决定的，使得爱立信得出结论：记忆行为更多的是一种认知练习，而不是直觉练习。

49. That’s because Congress has always envisioned(envisage设想，展望) joint(联合的，接口，关节) federal-state immigration enforcement(执行，强制) and explicitly(清楚地，明确的) encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.
这是因为美国国会一直在设想联邦与州之间的联合移民执法，并明确鼓励各州官员与联邦官员共享信息并开展合作

50. Ministers should also look at creating greater certainty in the rental(租赁的) environment, which would have a significant impact on the ability of registered providers to fund(为..提供资金) new developments from revenues(收入,税收).
部长们还应考虑为租金环境创造更大的确定性，这将对注册提供商利用收入资助新开发项目的能力产生重大影响。

51. Such hijacked(被劫持的) media are the opposite of earned media: an asset or campaign becomes hostage(人质) to consumers, other stakeholders(利益相关者), or activists who make negative allegations(指控,断言) about a brand or product.
这种被劫持的媒体与 “赚取的媒体 “截然相反：资产或活动成为消费者、其他利益相关者或活动家对品牌或产品进行负面指控的人质.

52. The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings.
这一政策效仿了其他期刊的类似努力，因为人们普遍担心，数据分析中的基本错误导致了许多已发表研究成果的不可再现性。

53. They should exhibit strong interest and respect for whatever currently interests their fledgling(雏鸟) adult (as naive or ill conceived(构想) as it may seem) while becoming a partner in exploring options for the future.
他们应该对羽翼未丰的成年人当前感兴趣的任何事物展现出强烈的兴趣和尊重（尽管看起来很天真或考虑不周），同时成为探索未来选择的合作伙伴。

54. In other words, at a time when the working class has turned the country on its political head, frustrated that the opportunity that once defined America is vanishing(vanish), one obvious solution is staring us in the face.
换句话说，当工人阶级在政治上颠覆了这个国家，对曾经定义美国的机会正在消失感到沮丧的时候，一个显而易见的解决方案正摆在我们面前。

55. Brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.
大脑研究人员发现，当我们有意识地养成新习惯时，我们会创建平行的突触路径，甚至全新的脑细胞，这可以将我们的思维导引到新的、创新的轨道上。

56. This type of integrity requires well-enforced laws in government transparency, such as records of official meetings, rules on lobbying, and information about each elected leader’s source of wealth.
这种诚信,正直要求政府透明度方面的法律得到良好执行，例如正式会议记录、游说规则以及每个当选领导人财富来源的信息。

57. In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained(谷物) information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads?
在过去的几周里，一场争吵说明了这种细粒度信息对广告商的价值：广告商是否应该认为人们乐于被跟踪和发送行为广告？

58. Last year, the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) found in a secret check that undercover(秘密的) investigators were able to sneak(偷带，私运) weapons both fake and real past airport security nearly every time they tried.
去年，美国运输安全管理局（TSA）在一次秘密检查中发现，卧底调查人员几乎每次都能将真假武器偷偷带过机场安检。

59. California has asked the justices(法官,司法,正义) to refrain(克制) from a sweeping ruling particularly one that upsets(伤心，推翻) the old assumptions that authorities(权威) may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest.
加利福尼亚州要求大法官们不要做出一刀切的裁决，尤其是不要打破当局可以在逮捕嫌疑人时搜查其财物的旧有假设。

60. Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended(下降) over the years from fashion shows to department stores and to the bargain(讨价，便宜货) bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.
普里斯特利解释了助理的深蓝色毛衣多年来如何从时装秀到百货商店，再到廉价货箱，可怜的女孩无疑在其中找到了她的衣服。

61. If the district is essentially giving a pass to students who do not do their homework because of complicated family lives, it is going riskily close to the implication(暗示) that standards need to be lowered for poor children.
如果该地区基本上是给那些因为复杂的家庭生活而不做家庭作业的学生一张通行证，那么这就很有可能意味着需要降低贫困儿童的标准。

62. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radically(根本地) higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.
一家研究机构的研究结果一致表明，所有国家的工人都可以接受在职培训，从而大幅提高生产率，从而大幅提高生活水平。

63. Their analysis ruled out(排除) the possibility that it was firms’ political influence, rather than their CSR stand, that accounted for(导致) the leniency(仁慈): Companies that contributed more to political campaigns did not receive lower fines.
他们的分析排除了一种可能性，即企业的政治影响力，而不是企业社会责任立场，导致了宽大处理：为政治运动做出更多贡献的公司并没有收到较低的罚款。

64. The potential evolution(进化) of today’s technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly(耀眼的，眩晕的) complicated, and it’s perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage(设想，展望).
当今技术的潜在演变及其社会后果极其复杂，也许最好让科幻小说作家和未来学家来探索我们可以设想的多种可能性。

65. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked(挑衅，激起) justified(正当的，合理的) outrage(愤怒) in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging(renegr食言，违背) on a longstanding commitment(承诺) to abide by(遵守) the strict nuclear regulations.
该公司是新英格兰的主要能源供应商，上周宣布违背遵守严格核法规的长期承诺，在佛蒙特州引起了合理的愤怒。

66. Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope(范围) and seriousness of their arts coverage(覆盖范围，报道).
在过去四分之一世纪英文报纸发生的所有变化中，影响最深远的也许是其艺术报道的范围和严肃性不可避免地下降。

67. Infants are wired(联网的，天生的) to look at parents’ faces to try to understand their world, and if those faces are blank and unresponsiveas they often are when absorbed in a device， it can be extremely disconcerting(不安的) for the children.
婴儿 天生会看着父母的脸来试图了解他们的世界，如果父母的脸像他们全神贯注于设备时那样茫然无反应，这可能会让孩子们感到非常不安。

68. Scientists have found that although we are prone to snap(突然的,打响指) overreactions, if we take a moment and think about how we are likely to react, we can reduce or even eliminate the negative effects of our quick, hard-wired(固有的) responses.
科学家发现，虽然我们很易于做出过度反应，但如果我们花点时间思考一下我们可能会如何反应，我们可以减少甚至消除快速、固有反应的负面影响。

69. Further arrangements and there may be many-between the NHS and DeepMind will be carefully scrutinised to ensure that all necessary permissions have been asked of patients and all unnecessary data has been cleaned.
NHS 和 DeepMind 之间的进一步安排（可能有很多）将经过仔细审查，以确保已向患者征求所有必要的许可，并清除所有不必要的数据。

70. Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions.
对动物和人类的研究表明，性激素会以某种方式影响压力反应，导致处于压力下的女性比相同条件下的男性产生更多的触发(诱因)化学物质。

71. “Carry a book with you at all times” can actually work, too providing you dip in often enough, so that reading becomes the default state from which you temporarily surface to take care of business, before dropping back down.
“随时随身携带一本书”实际上也可以发挥作用，如果你经常阅读，这样阅读就成为你的默认 状态，在这种状态下你可以暂时``浮出水面处理事务，然后再回去。

72. Today, widespread social pressure to immediately go to college in conjunction with increasingly high expectations in a fast-moving world often causes students to completely overlook the possibility of taking a gap year.
如今，立即上大学的普遍社会压力，结合瞬息万变的世界中越来越高的期望，往往导致学生完全忽视 隔一年的可能性。
- gap year:国外高中毕业后，间隔一年，先接触社会后，再去上大学。

73. It could be that we are evolving two communities of social scientists: one that is discipline-oriented and publishing in highly specialized journals, and one that is problem-oriented and publishing elsewhere, such as policy briefs.
我们可能正在进化两个社会科学家群体：一个以学科为导向，在高度专业化的期刊上发表文章，另一个以问题为导向，在其他地方发表文章，例如政策简报。

74. Steelworkers, airline employees, and now those in the auto industry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates, stock market fluctuation, and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money.
钢铁工人、航空公司员工以及现在的汽车行业员工正在加入数百万家庭的行列，他们必须担心利率、股市波动以及他们可能会活的比退休金久的粗糙的(严酷)现实。

75. After all, four decades of evidence has now shown that corporations in Europe as well as the Us are evading the meritocratic hiring and promotion of women to top position-no matter how much “soft pressure” is put upon them.
毕竟，四十年来的证据表明，欧洲和美国的公司都在回避``精英的聘用和晋升女性担任最高职位的做法——无论她们受到多大的“软压力”。

76. His analysis should therefore end any self-contentedness among those who may believe that the global position of English is so stable that the young generation of the United Kingdom do not need additional language capabilities.
因此，他的分析应该结束那些可能认为英语的全球地位如此稳定以至于英国的年轻一代不需要额外的语言能力的人的任何自我满足。

77. The Internet——and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it——is making access to scientific results a reality.
互联网和来自资助机构的压力正在使通向科学成果成为现实，资助机构质疑商业出版商为何通过限制获取政府资助的研究来赚钱.
- ——表示插入语，主句是The Internet is making access to scientific results a reality
- commercial publishers 商业的出版商 .
- access to ...通向…的道路 .
- government-funded 政府资助的.

78. There is pressure for change from within the profession, but opponents of change among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money rather than serve clients ethically.
行业内部存在着变革的压力，但监管者中反对变革的人坚持认为，将外部人士排除在律师事务所之外会使律师免受赚钱的压力，而不是道德地为客户服务。
- within.. 在…之内
- isolate 隔离，孤立

79. The force of geographic conditions peculiar to America, the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another, and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent caused significant changes.
美国特有的地理条件的力量、不同民族群体之间的相互作用，以及在一片原始的新大陆上维持旧世界生活方式的巨大困难，导致了重大变化。
- peculiar奇异的，古怪的
- peculiar to..xx特有的
- sheer 纯粹的，完全的，数量巨大的

80. Yet, when one looks at the photographs of the garden created by the homeless, it strikes one that, for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.
然而，当人们看到无家可归者建造的花园的照片时，人们会惊讶地发现，尽管这些花园风格多样，但除了装饰和创意表达之外，它们还表达了各种其他基本需求。

81. Under the plan, for example, the agency said it would not prosecute landowner or businesses that unintentionally kill, harm, or disturb the bird, as long as they had signed a range-wide management plan to restore prairie chicken habitat.
例如，根据该计划，该机构表示，只要土地所有者或企业签署了一项恢复草原鸡栖息地的大范围管理计划，就不会起诉``无意中杀死、伤害或干扰鸟类的土地所有者或企业。

82. In his article “How Intelligent Is Intelligence Testing? “, Sternberg notes that traditional tests best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge, components also critical to problem solving and life success.
在他的文章“智力测试有多智能的？ ”，斯滕伯格指出，传统测试最能评估分析和语言的技能，但无法衡量创造力和实践的知识，而这些成分对于解决问题和人生成功也至关重要。
- critical 批判的/关键的/至关重要的
- crucial 至关重要的

83. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.
当托马斯·皮凯蒂和其他经济学家警告不平等加剧和继承财富的力量日益增强时，富裕的贵族家庭仍然是现代民主国家的象征性核心，这很奇怪。

84. Calls to disassemble all telescopes on Mauna Kea or to ban future development there ignore the reality that astronomy and Hawaiian culture both seek to answer big questions about who we are, where we come from and where we are going.
拆除,拆卸莫纳克亚山上所有望远镜或禁止在那里进行未来开发的呼吁忽视了这样一个现实：天文学和夏威夷文化都试图回答关于我们是谁、我们从哪里来以及我们要去哪里的重大问题。

85. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods–paintings, sculpture eand architecture and superfluous experiences—music, literature, religion and philosophy.
人类的独特之处在于，他们不仅能够制造工具，而且还能利用它们来创造过剩的物质产品——绘画、雕塑和建筑，以及多余的经验——音乐、文学、宗教和哲学。

86. As a discovery claim works its way through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.
当发现主张在社区中传播时，有关科学和技术的共享和竞争信念之间的相互作用和对抗会将个人的发现主张转化为社区的可信发现。

87. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the world.
但蒂娜·罗森伯格在她的新书《加入俱乐部》中认为，同龄压力也可以通过她所谓的社会治疗成为一种积极的力量，在这种疗法中，组织和官员利用群体动力的力量来帮助个人改善他们的生活，甚至可能改善世界。 *

88. Fundamentally, the USPS is in a historic squeeze between technological change that has permanently decreased demand for its bread-and-butter product, first-class mail, and a regulatory structure that denies management the flexibility to adjust its operations to the new reality.
从根本上说，美国邮政局正处于历史性的挤压之中，技术变革永久减少了对其主要产品、一流邮件的需求，而监管结构则剥夺了管理层根据新现实调整运营的灵活性。

89. Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn’t have had kids, but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world: obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives.
不快乐的父母很少会被激怒去怀疑他们是否不应该有孩子，但是不快乐的没有孩子的人们会被孩子是世界上最重要的东西的信息所困扰：显然，他们的痛苦一定是他们生活中婴儿大小的空洞的直接结果。

90. To encourage innovation and competition, the report calls for increased investment in research, the crafting of coherent curricula that improve students’ ability to solve problems and communicate effectively in the 21st century, increased funding for teachers and the encouragement of scholars to bring their learning to bear on the great challenges of the day.
为了鼓励创新和竞争，该报告呼吁增加对研究的投资，制定连贯的 课程，以提高学生在世纪解决问题和有效沟通的能力，增加对教师的资助，并鼓励学者将他们的学习用于当今的巨大挑战。
innovate 创新
innocent 天真、无辜

91. Moreover, average overall margins(利润、边缘) are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often; and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate.
此外，批发业的平均总体利润率高于零售业；随着越来越多的欧洲人更频繁地外出就餐，食品服务行业的批发需求正在迅速增长；这个破碎的行业的竞争动力的变化最终使批发商进行巩固、合并是可行的。
- overall 总体的，全面的

92. Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance(comply遵守) troubles, and improved their feeble corporation governance,a new problem threatens to earn them-especially in America -the sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite: data insecurity.
就在老板和董事会终于解决了最严重的会计和合规问题，并改善了孱弱的公司治理时，一个新的问题又威胁着他们–尤其是在美国–赢得了那种不可避免地会导致高管会议室人头滚滚的恶毒头条新闻：数据不安全。
- compliance 原型comply遵守
- feeble 虚弱的，衰弱的
- nasty 肮脏的、下流的、令人厌恶的
- executive 执行，行政的，高管
- suite 套房

93. Precisely because e readers from c different historical periods, places and social experiences produce different but overlapping readings of the same words s on the page-including for texts that engage with fundamental human concerns——debates about texts can play an important role in social discussion of beliefs and values
精确地说因为来自不同历史时期、地点和社会经历的电子读者对页面上的相同单词产生不同但重叠的阅读——包括涉及人类基本关切的文本，关于文本的辩论可以在信仰和信仰的社会讨论中发挥重要作用。价值观
- engage 从事，参与，订婚
- engage in 参加
- engage with 与…相关
- engage on 从事
- precise 准确的，精确的

94. At Tulane University’s Tear Analysis Laboratory, Dr. Peter Kastl and his colleagues report that they can use tears to detect drug abuse and exposure to medication, to determine whether a contact lens(镜片) fits properly or why it may be uncomfortable, to study the causes of “dry eye”syndrome and the effects of eye surgery, and perhaps even to measure exposure environmental pollutants.
在杜兰大学的泪液分析实验室，Peter Kastl 博士和他的同事报告说，他们可以使用泪液来检测药物滥用和药物暴露，确定隐形眼镜是否合适或为什么会不舒服，研究“干眼综合症和眼科手术的影响，甚至可能测量暴露于环境污染物的情况。

96. The new awards are an exercise in self-promotion for those behind them, say scientists. They could distort the meritocracy of peer-review-led research. They could cement the status quo of peer-reviewed research. They do not fund peer-reviewed research. They perpetuate the myth of the lone genius.
科学家们表示，新奖项是其背后人士的一种自我推销活动。它们可能会扭曲 同行评审主导的研究的精英制度。它们可以巩固同行评审研究的现状。他们不资助同行评审的研究。他们延续了孤独天才的神话

97. The goals of the prize-givers seem as scattered as the criticism. Some want to shock, others to draw people into science, or to better reward those who have made their careers in research. Several want to show that leading scientists can attain the lifestyles of financiers and footballers.
颁奖者的目标似乎和批评一样分散。有些人想要震惊，有些人想要吸引人们进入科学，或者更好地奖励那些在研究领域取得事业的人。一些人想证明领先的科学家可以实现金融家和足球运动员的生活方式

98. As Nature has pointed out before, there are some legitimate concerns about how science prizes — both new and old — are distributed. The Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, launched this year, takes an unrepresentative view of what the life sciences include
正如《自然》杂志之前指出的那样，人们对新旧科学奖项的分配方式存在一些合理的担忧。今年设立的生命科学突破奖对生命科学的内容不具有代表性
- legitimate 合理性合法性

99. But the Nobel Foundation’s limit of three recipients per prize, each of whom must still be living, has long been outgrown by the collaborative nature of modern research — as will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over who is ignored when it comes to acknowledging the discovery of the Higgs boson.
但诺贝尔基金会对每个奖项只能有三名获奖者的限制（每人必须仍然活着）早已被现代研究的协作性质所超越——正如在承认这一发现时不可避免的谁被忽视的争论所证明的那样希格斯玻色子
- recipients 收件人，接受者
- collaborative 合作的，协作的
- row 一排，一行，争论，争吵

100. “The heart of the Matter,”the just released report by the American Academy of Arts and Science(AAAS), deserves praise for affirming the importance of the humanities and social sciences to the prosperity and security of liberal democracy in America.Regrettable，however，the report’s failure to address the true nature of the crisis facing liberal education may cause more harm than good.
美国艺术与科学学院刚刚发布的报告《问题的核心》值得赞扬，它肯定了人文科学和会科学对美国自由民主繁荣和安全的重要性。然而，令人遗憾的是，该报告未能解决自由教育面临的危机的真正本质，可能弊大于利。

101. Today,professors routinely treat that progressive interpretation of history and progressive public policy as the proper subject of study while portraying conservative or classical liberal ideas—such as free markets and self-reliance—as falling outside the boundaries(boundary) of routine,and sometimes legitimate,intellectual investigation
如今，教授们按照惯例的将对历史的进步解释和进步的公共政策视为适当的研究主题，同时将保守派或古典自由主义思想（例如自由市场和自力更生）描述为超出了常规的、有时是合法的、知识分子的界限。调查

102. Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.” Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!” pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in.
她对许多公共卫生运动的蹩脚行为的批评是准确的：它们未能调动同伴压力来养成健康习惯，而且它们对心理学的理解存在严重缺陷。”敢于与众不同，请不要吸烟！”为一项旨在减少青少年吸烟的广告牌活动辩护，这些青少年只想融入其中

103. There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via social communication.
毫无疑问，我们的同龄人群体对我们的行为发挥着巨大的影响。一项新兴研究表明，积极的健康习惯（以及消极的健康习惯）可以通过社交沟通在朋友网络中传播

104. Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It’s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works.And that’s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.
然而，远不那么确定的是，专家和官僚如何成功地选择我们的同行群体并引导他们的活动朝着良性的方向发展。就像老师把后排的捣蛋鬼与表现更好的同学配对一样。这种策略从来没有真正奏效。这就是从外部设计的社会疗法的问题：在现实世界中，就像在学校一样，我们坚持选择自己的朋友。

105. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant’s license be subject to Vermont legislature’s approval.
作为获得州政府批准出售的条件，该公司同意寻求州监管机构的许可，以便在 2012 年之后继续运营。2006 年，该州更进一步，要求工厂 许可证的任何延期都必须得到佛蒙特州立法机构的批准
- legislature 立法机构
- legislation 立法(n)

106. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend.
该案的法律问题“含糊不清”：虽然最高法院裁定各州确实对核电拥有一定的监管权，但法律学者表示，佛蒙特州的案件将为这些权力的延伸程度提供“先例”测试

107. They casually dismiss the career work of scholars and scientists as just another misguided opinion.” says Dan Quinn, senior communications strategist at the Texas Freedom Network, a non-profit group that monitors public education，“What millions of Texas kids learn in their public schools is determined too often by the political ideology of partisan board members, rather than facts and sound scholarship
他们‘漫不经心地’将学者和科学家的职业生涯视为另一种被误导的观点。”德克萨斯自由网络是一个监督公共教育的非营利组织，其高级交流“战略家”丹·奎因说，“数百万德克萨斯州的孩子在公立学校里学到的东西往往是由”党派“委员会成员的政治意识形态决定的，而不是事实和可靠的学术知识

108. Branch points out that, even if a growing number of official guidelines and textbooks reflect scientific consensus on climate change, unofficial educational materials that convey more slanted perspectives are being distributed to teachers.
布兰奇指出，尽管越来越多的官方指南和教科书反映了关于气候变化的科学共识，但传达更多倾斜 观点的非官方教育材料正在分发给教师

109. “I think the question is, shouldn’t a developer who’s really building a hotel, but disguising it as not a hotel, be treated and taxed and regulated like a hotel” Horn said.
我认为问题是，一个真正在建造酒店但又把它装饰成不是酒店的开发商，难道不应该像酒店一样受到对待、征税和监管吗？”霍恩说。

110. If you’re heading for your nearest branch of Waterstones in search of the Duchess of Sussex’s new children’s book 《The Bench》, you might have to be prepared to hunt around a bit; the same may be true of 《The President’s Daughter》, the new thriller by Bill Clinton and James Patterson. Both of these books are published next week by Penguin Random House, a company currently involved in a stand-off with Waterstones.
如果您要去最近的 Waterstones 分店寻找苏塞克斯公爵夫人的新儿童读物《The Bench》，您可能需要做好四处寻找的准备；比尔·克林顿和詹姆斯·帕特森的新惊悚片《总统的女儿》可能也是如此。这两本书将于下周由企鹅兰登书屋出版，该公司目前正与 Waterstones 陷入僵局

111. The problem began late last year, when Penguin Random House confirmed that it had introduced a credit limit with Waterstones “at a very significant level”.
这个问题始于去年年底，当时企鹅兰登书屋证实，它对 Waterstones 实行了“非常高的信用额度”。

112. Whatever the rights and wrongs, negotiations have clearly been unproductive.Insiders suggest that part of the problem is that two of the biggest beasts in the UK book world-Tom Weldon, the UK CEO of PRH, and James Daunt, the Waterstones MD whose Midas touch brought the chain back from the verge of bankruptcy -are each unwilling to concede too much to the other.
无论是非，谈判显然没有成果。内部人士认为，问题的部分原因在于英国图书界的两位巨兽——PRH 英国首席执行官汤姆·韦尔登 (Tom Weldon) 和 Waterstones 总经理詹姆斯·道特 (James Daunt)，他的点石成金将这家连锁店从破产的边缘拉了回来。双方都不愿意向对方做出太多让步。
- concede 让步、承认

113. “The publishing industry talks about diversity in terms of authors and staff but it also needs a plurality(复数) of ways of delivering intellectual contact, choice and different voices. After all, many of the most interesting books in recent years have come from small publishers.”
“出版业谈论作者和员工的多样性，但它也需要多种方式来提供知识接触、选择和不同的声音。毕竟，近年来许多最有趣的书籍都来自小型出版商。 ”

114. People often complain that plastics are too durable. Water bottles, shopping bags, and other trash litter the planet, from Mount Everest to the Mariana Trench, because plastics are everywhere and don’t break down easily. But some plastic materials change over time. They crack and fizzle.They “weep” out additives. They melt into sludge. All of which creates huge headaches for institutions, such as museums, trying to preserve culturally important objects.
人们经常抱怨塑料太“耐用”。从珠穆朗玛峰到马里亚纳海沟，水瓶、购物袋和其他垃圾遍布地球，因为塑料无处不在且不易分解。但有些塑料材料会随着时间的推移而发生变化。它们会破裂并嘶嘶作响。他们“哭泣”出“添加剂”。它们融化成“污泥”。所有这些都给博物馆等试图保护重要文化物品的机构带来了巨大的麻烦

115. Despite success stories like van Oosten’s, preservation of plastics will likely get harder. Old objects continue to deteriorate. Worse, biodegradable plastics designed to disintegrate, are increasingly common.
尽管有范·奥斯滕这样的成功故事，但塑料的保存可能会变得更加困难。旧物品继续恶化。更糟糕的是，旨在分解的可生物降解塑料越来越普遍

116. I didn’t know then that this degree would be the first of three (and a short stint as a university lecturer) and that my education and career would, like most of my millennial generation, be a meandering wander of fancy and desperation rather than a linear destination.
那时我不知道这个学位将是三个学位中的第一个（并且作为大学讲师短暂任职），而且我的教育和职业生涯将像我的千禧一代中的大多数人一样，是一种幻想和绝望的曲折徘徊，而不是线性目的地

117. Thankfully, there are signs that this is already happening, with Gen Z seeking to learn from their millennial predecessors, even if parents and teachers tend to be still set in the degree mindset.
值得庆幸的是，有迹象表明这种情况已经发生，Z 世代寻求向他们的千禧一代前辈学习，即使家长和老师往往仍抱有学位心态。
- predecessor 前辈，前任
- mindset 观念，心态

118. The personal grievance provisions of New Zealand’s Employment Relations Act 2000 (ERA) prevent an employer from firing an employee without good cause,Instead, dismissals must be justified.
新西兰 2000 年雇佣关系法 (ERA) 的个人申诉条款 禁止雇主无正当理由解雇雇员，相反，解雇必须有正当理由
- grievance 不满，不平
- provision 条款、规定

120. Personal grievance procedures were designed to guard the jobs of ordinary workers from “unjustified dismissals”.The premise was that the common law of contract lacked sufficient safeguards for workers against arbitrary conduct by management.
个人申诉程序旨在保护普通工人的工作免受“不合理解雇” 前提是普通合同法缺乏足够的保障措施来保护工人免受管理层的任意的行为。
- conduct 行为n ,实施,执行v

121. As countless boards and business owners will attest, constraining firms from firing poorly-performing, high-earning managers is a handbrake on boosting productivity and overall performance.
正如无数董事会和企业主所证明的那样，限制公司解雇业绩不佳但收入高的经理是提高生产力和全面绩效的阻碍。
- handbrake 手刹

122. Yet mediocrity is no longer enough to justify a dismissal.Consequently – and paradoxically – laws introduced to protect the jobs of ordinary workers may be placing those jobs at risk.
然而，平庸已不足以成为解雇的理由。因此，矛盾地是，为保护普通工人的工作而出台的法律可能会使这些工作面临风险。

123. If not placing jobs at risk, to the extent employment protection laws constrain business owners from dismissing under-performing managers, those laws act as a constraint on firm productivity and therefore on workers’ wages
如果不使工作面临风险，那么就业保护法限制企业主解雇表现不佳的经理，这些法律就会限制企业生产力，从而限制工人的工资

124. Citation cartels, where journals, authors, and institutions conspire to inflate citation numbers, have existed for a long time.
期刊、作者和机构合谋 夸大引用数量的引用卡特尔已经存在很长时间了。
- conspire 密谋、合谋
- inflate 使膨胀、使充气

125. How insidious is this type of citation manipulation?
这种类型的引用操纵有多阴险？

126. The problem is rampant in Scopus, a citation database, which includes a high number of the new “international”journals.In fact, a listing in Scopus seems to be a criterion to be targeted in this type of citation manipulation.
这个问题在 Scopus 中很严重，这是一个引文数据库，其中包含大量新的“国际”期刊。事实上，Scopus 中的列表似乎是此类引文操纵的目标标准
- rampant 猖獗猖狂

127. And for authors who wish to steer clear of citation cartel activities: when an editor, a reviewer, or a support service asks you to add inappropriate references, do not oblige(义务) and do report the request to the journal.
对于希望避免引用卡特尔活动的作者：当编辑、审稿人或支持服务要求您添加不适当的参考文献时，不要答应并向期刊报告该请求

128. on large multinationals that provide digital services to consumers or users in France. Digital services include everything from providing a platform for selling goods and services online to targeting advertising based on user data, and the tax applies to gross revenue from such servces.
对向法国消费者或用户提供数字服务的大型 “跨国公司 “征税。数字服务包括从提供在线销售商品和服务的平台到基于用户数据的 “定向广告 “等一切服务，税收适用于此类服务的 “总收入“。

129. But it has already sparked significant controversy, with the Unite Sates trade representative opening an investigation into whether the tax discriminates against American companies, which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against France.
但它已经引发了巨大的 “争议“，美国贸易代表开始调查该税收是否 “歧视 “美国公司，这反过来又可能导致对法国的贸易 “制裁“。

130. These unilateral developments differ in their specifics, but they are all designed to tax multinationals on income and revenue that countries believe they should have a right to tax, even if international tax rules do not grant them that right.
这些 “单边的 “发展的具体内容各不相同，但其目的都是对跨国公司的收入和税收征税，而各国认为它们应该有权对这些收入和税收征税，即使国际税收规则并没有 “赋予 “它们这种权利。

131. Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a way to level the playing field. But all too often such policies are an insincere form of virtue-signaling that benefits only the most privileged and does little to help average people.
“进步人士 “往往支持各种命令、规定，将其视为实现平等的途径和公平竞争的方式。但这种政策往往是一种 “不真诚 “的 “美德 “信号，只有利于最有特权的人，对普通人没有什么帮助。

132. A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad, to ensure “gender parity“ on boards and commissions, provide a case in point
由马萨诸塞州参议员杰森刘易斯和众议院临时议长帕特里夏哈达德提出的两项“法案”提供了一个恰当的“案例”，以确保董事会和委员会的“性别平等”
- parity 平等、同价、平价

133. In signing the measure, California Governor Jerry Brown admitted that the law, which expressly classifies people on the basis of sex, is probably unconstitutional.
加利福尼亚州州长杰里-布朗（Jerry Brown）在签署这项措施时承认，这项明确根据性别对人进行分类的法律很可能是违宪的。

134. The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government interference. According to a study by Catalyst, between 2010 and 2015 the share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by 54 percent.
在没有政府干预的情况下，”公司董事会 “中的女性人数一直在稳步增加。根据Catalyst的一项研究，2010年至2015年期间，全球 “公司 “董事会中的女性比例增加了54%。
- corporate 公司的
- corporation 公司
- cooperation 合作
- collaborative 合作的

135. Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money, Scientists need journals in which to publish their research, so they will supply the articles without monetary reward
长期以来，科学出版一直是印钞票的 “许可证“，科学家需要在期刊上发表他们的研究成果，因此他们会在没有金钱回报的情况下提供文章。

136. A cynic might speculate that the UK is on the verge of disappearing into an endlessly regressive frenzy of self-celebration in its desperation to reinvent itself for the post-Brexit world: after town of culture, who knows what will follow – village of culture? Suburb of culture?
一个 “愤世嫉俗的人 “可能会 “猜测“，英国正处于一种 “边缘“，即在为脱欧后的世界 “重塑 “自己的绝望中，陷入无休止的 “倒退 “自我庆祝狂潮：在文化小镇之后，谁知道接下来会是什么–文化村？文化郊区？
- speculate 推测、猜测
- reinvent 重新创造、再发明
- regressive 倒退的

137. The really successful holders of such titles are those that do a great deal more than fill hotel bedrooms and bring in high-profile arts events and good press for a year.
真正成功的头衔拥有者，除了让酒店客房爆满、”带来 “高知名度的艺术活动和一年的良好媒体报道之外，还能做更多的事情

138. They transform the aspirations of the people who live there; they nudge the self-image of the city into a bolder and more optimisitic light.It is hard to get right, and requires a remarkable degree of vision, as well as cooperation between city authorities, the private sector, community groups and cultural organisations.
它们 “改变 “了生活在那里的人们的 “愿望“；它们 “推动 “城市的自我形象变得更大胆、更乐观。这很难做到位，需要非凡的 “远见“，以及城市当局、私营部门、社区团体和文化组织之间的合作
- nudge 轻推
- vision 视野、视力、想象、远见

139. Aldeburgh, host to the music-making legacy of Benjamin Britten, would be an obvious contender. The Gloucestershire town of Stroud has a distinctive arts scene.
本杰明-布里顿（Benjamin Britten）的音乐 “遗产 “所在地奥尔德堡（Aldeburgh）显然是一个 “竞争者“。格洛斯特郡的斯特劳德镇拥有 “独特 “的艺术 “场景“。

140. It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual: every January the cost of travelling by train rises, imposing a significant extra burden on those who have no option but to use the rail network to get to work or otherwise. This year’s rise, an average of 2.7 percent may be a fraction lower than last year’s, but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Index (CPI) measure of inflation.
这已经成为一种“冷酷地”可靠的年度“仪式”：每年1月，乘火车旅行的成本都会上涨，给那些别无选择只能使用铁路网络上班或其他方式的人带来额外的负担。今年的平均涨幅为2.7%，可能比去年低了一个“零头”，但仍远高于官方消费者价格指数（CPI）衡量的“通货膨胀”。
- fraction 分数、小数
- inflation 通货膨胀、膨胀

141. Why, the argument goes, should a car-driving pensioner from Lincolnshire have to subsidise the daily commute of a stockbroker from Surrey?
为什么林肯郡的 “养老金领取者 “要 “资助 “萨里郡的 “股票经纪人 “每天的 “通勤“？
- pension 养老金
- commute 通勤
- stockbroker 股票经纪人

142. The only previous study analyzing causality，based on an area in Mexico that had instituted CCTs， supported the traditional view. There，as people got more money，some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to raise for meat，Ferraro says.
唯一一项分析 “因果关系 “的 “先前的 “研究是基于墨西哥一个 “设立 “了CCTs的地区，该研究支持传统观点。费拉罗说，在那里，随着人们获得更多的钱，他们中的一些人可能会开垦更多的土地来养牛吃肉。

143. That’s likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies against inclement weather，Ferraro says.Typically，if rains are delayed，people may clear land to plant more rice to supplement their harvest.
费拉罗说，这很可能是因为农村贫困人口把这些钱当作应对 “恶劣天气的 “临时保险单。通常情况下，如果降雨推迟，人们会开垦土地种植更多水稻，以补充 “收成“。

144. Of course, I need to concede that my collection of ‘Smiling Victorians’ makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between 1840 and 1900, the majority of which show sitters posing miserably and stiffly in front of painted backdrops, or staring absently into the middle distance.
当然，我必须 “承认“，我收藏的 “微笑的维多利亚人 “只占 1840 年至 1900 年间创作的大量 “肖像 “摄影作品中的极小一部分，其中大多数作品中的人物都在彩绘背景前摆出 “悲惨 “和 “僵硬 “的姿势，或 “心不在焉地 “凝视着中距离。

145. The thought of holding a fixed grin as the camera performed its magical duties was too much to contemplate, and so a non-committal blank stare became the norm.
一想到要在摄像机履行其神奇职责时保持固定的 “露齿笑“，我就无法 “接收“，于是，不置可否的白眼成了常态
- too much to do sth 难以做莫事
- contemplate 沉思考虑

146. But exposure times were much quicker by the 1880s, and the introduction of the Box Brownie and other portable cameras meant that, though slow by today’s digital standards, the exposure was almost instantaneous. Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to capture by the 1890s, so we must look elsewhere for an explanation of why Victorians still hesitated to smile
但到了 19 世纪 80 年代，曝光时间大大缩短了，而且盒式布朗尼相机和其他 “可携带“相机的问世意味着，虽然以今天的数码标准来看曝光速度很慢，但曝光几乎是 “瞬时 “的。到 19 世纪 90 年代，”自发的 “微笑已经 “相对 “容易捕捉，因此我们必须从别处来解释为什么维多利亚人仍然对微笑犹豫不决。

147. The commission argued that the Federal Trade Commission and the U.S. Department of Justice would protect consumers and websites against anti-competitive behavior, such as a broadband-providing conglomerate like AT&T favoring its own video-streaming service at the expense of Netflix and Apple TV
该委员会认为，联邦贸易委员会和美国司法部将保护消费者和网站免受反竞争行为的侵害，例如像 AT&T 这样的宽带提供企业集团偏爱自己的视频流服务，”牺牲 “Netflix 和 Apple TV 的利益。
- at the expense of sth 以…为代价

148. Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firm’s efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty. This has been dubbed “quarterly capitalism.”
要求公司每季度获得高额利润的 “短暂的 “投资者会 “阻碍 “公司投资于长期研究或建立客户 “忠诚度 “的努力。这被称为 “季度资本主义“。

149. There seems to be a predominance of short-term thinking at the expense of long-term investing,” said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in a speech this week.
美国证券交易委员会委员丹尼尔-加拉格尔（Daniel Gallagher）在本周的一次演讲中说：短期思维似乎占主导地位，而’牺牲‘了长期投资。
- dominance 优势、支配地位
- dominate 支配

150. What is being called artificial general intelligence, machines that would imitate the way humans think, continues to evade scientists
所谓人工通用智能，即 “模仿 “人类思维方式的机器，仍在 “迷惑 “科学家
- imitate 模仿
- simulation 模拟
- stimulation 刺激激励
- evade 避免、使迷惑

151. On June 7 Google pledged not to “design or deploy AI” that would cause “overall harm,” or to develop AI-directed weapons or use AI for surveillance that would violate international norms. It also pledged not to deploy AI whose use would violate international laws or human rights.
6 月 7 日，谷歌 “承诺 “不 “设计或部署 “会造成 “整体伤害 “的人工智能，或开发人工智能定向武器，或将人工智能用于违反国际规范的 “监视“。它还承诺不部署使用会违反国际法或人权的人工智能

152. We’ll see more insulation, better lighting design and restrictions on the amount of glass used in some areas. But with more thermal-efficient homes can come the risk of overheating due to solar gain, and so ventilation is also covered
我们将看到更多的 “隔热 “措施、更好的照明设计以及在某些地区对玻璃使用量的 “限制“。但是，随着住宅的 “热效率 “提高，太阳辐射也会带来过热的风险，因此 “通风 “也受到影响。

153. As a result, double-glazed windows will require trickle vents to let heat escape and also to provide fresh air for health reasons and, of course, to reduce the risk of condensation build up in an ever-more airtight property
因此，双层玻璃窗需要有 “涓流“”通风口“，以便散热，同时出于健康原因提供新鲜空气，当然，也是为了降低在日益密闭的 “房屋 “中产生 “冷凝水 “的风险。
- property 财产、房地产、房屋
- condensation 冷凝

154. The industry is betting that the same consumers paying more for premium attributes such as free-range, non-GMO, and pasture-raised eggs will embrace sustainability.
该行业正在“押注”，同样是那些为“优质” 属性（如自由放养、非转基因和“牧场”饲养的鸡蛋）支付更多费用的消费者，将“拥抱”可持续性
- attribute 把..归因于v / 属性n
- bet 打赌，押注

155. Because of longer life spans. Americans are also boosting their savings to preserve their nest eggs, the TD Ameritrade study showed, which surveved 2,000 adults between 40 to 79. Six in 10 “unretirees”are increasing their savings in anticipation of a longer life. according to the survey.
因为更长的寿命跨度。美国道明证券公司（TD Ameritrade）的研究显示，美国人也在增加储蓄，以 “保存 “他们的 “巢 “蛋。调查显示，每10个 “未退休者 “中就有6个在增加储蓄，以 “预期 “更长的寿命。

156. We have all encountered them, in both our personal and professional lives. Think about the times you felt tricked o frustrated by a membership or subscription that had a seamless sign-up process but was later difficult to cancel.
无论是在个人生活还是职业生涯中，我们都 “遇到过“。想一想，你曾多少次被 “会员资格 “或 订阅 所欺骗或挫败，它们的注册过程 “一气呵成“，但后来却很难取消。

157. Where is the line between ethical, persuasive design and dark patterns? Businesses should engage in conversations with IT. compliance, risk, and legal teams to review their privacy policy
道德、”有说服力 “的设计与黑暗模式之间的界限在哪里？企业应与 IT、合规、风险和法律团队进行 “对话“，以审查其隐私政策

158. Any or all these teams can play a role in creating or avoiding”digital deception.”
任何或所有这些团队都可以在创建或避免 “数字欺骗“中发挥作用。
- deceive 欺骗v decption 欺骗n

159. As more states consider promulgating additional requlatons, there is a need for greater accountability form within the business community. Dark patterns also be addressed on a self-regulatory basis, but only if organizations hold themselves accountable, not just to legal requirements, but also to industry best practices and standards.
随着越来越多的国家考虑 “颁布 “更多的要求，”企业界 “内部需要形成更大的 “问责制“。黑暗模式也可以在自律的基础上加以解决，但前提是各组织必须对自己 “负责“，不仅对法律要求 “负责”，还要对行业最佳做法和标准 “负责”。

160. Then, unknown to the students, the researchers studied their anonymized meal-card purchases for that semester -nearly 14,000 receipts for almost 500 students.
然后，在学生不知情的情况下，研究人员研究了他们该 “学期“的 “匿名 “餐卡 “购买情况”–近500名学生的近14000张 “收据“。

161. Getting back into exercise can be a challenge in the best of times, but with gyms and in-person exercise classes off-limits to many people these days because of COVID-19 concerns, it can be tricky to know where to start. And it’s important to get the right dose of activity.
在最好的情况下，重新开始锻炼也是一项挑战，但由于 COVID-19 的原因，如今很多人都 “禁止 “去 “健身房 “和现场锻炼课程，因此要知道从哪里开始锻炼可能会很 “棘手“。适当的运动量很重要

162. “Too much too soon either results in injury or burnout,”says Mary Yoke, PhD, a faculty member in the kinesiology department at Indiana University in Bloomington.
“布卢明顿印第安纳大学运动系教员玛丽-约克（Mary Yoke）博士说：”过快过多的运动要么导致受伤，要么导致疲惫。

163. And stay alert to serious symptoms, such as chest pain or pressure, severe shortness of breath or dizziness, or faintness, and seek medical attention immediately.
并对严重的 “症状 “保持 “警惕“，如 “胸痛 “或压迫感、严重气短或头晕或昏厥，并立即就医。

164. Across 18 trials each, the living rats were 52 percent more likely on average to set the social robot free than the asocial one. This suggests that the rats perceived the social robot as a genuine social being.
在18次 “试验 “中，活体大鼠释放社交机器人的几率平均比释放非社交机器人的几率高52%。这表明，老鼠认为社交机器人是 “真正的 “社会人。
*- trial 审讯、试验、考验 *

165. While individual cases of overpayment definitely exist, in general, the determinants of CEO pay are not so mysterious and not so mired in corruption. In fact, overall CEO compensation for the top companies rises pretty much. In lockstep with the value of those companies on the stock market
虽然个别超额支付的情况肯定存在，但总体而言，首席执行官薪酬的决定因素并不那么神秘，也不那么深陷腐败泥潭。事实上，顶级公司 CEO 薪酬的总体涨幅与这些公司在股票市场上的价值 “同步“。与这些公司在股票市场上的价值 “同步 “上升

166. There is yet another trend: virtually all major American companies are becoming tech companies, one way or another. An agribusiness company, for instance, may focus on R&D in highly IT-intensive areas such as genome sequencing.
还有另一种趋势：几乎所有美国大公司都在以这样或那样的方式成为科技公司。例如，一家农业综合企业可能会专注于高度信息技术密集型领域的 “研发“，如基因组测序
- intensive 密集，集中的，加强的

167. Similarly, it is hard to do a good job running the Walt Disney Company just by picking good movie scripts and courting stars; you also need to build a firm capable of creating significant CGI products for animated movies at the highest levels of technical sophistication and with many frontier innovations along the way.
同样，要做好迪斯尼公司的经营工作，光靠挑选好的电影剧本和追求明星是很难的；你还需要建立一家公司，能够以最高水平的技术 “ 复杂性“为动画电影制作重要的 CGI 产品，并在制作过程中进行许多 “前沿 “创新。
- frontier 边境，国界

168. Among other weaknesses, the measures cities must employ when left to tackle dirty air on their own are politically contentious, and therefore vulnerable, That’s because they inevitably put the costs of cleaning the air on to individual drivers—who must pay fees or buy better vehicles—rather than on to the car manufacturers whose cheating is the real cause of our toxic pollution
除了其他的弱点之外，城市在独自解决空气污染问题时必须采取的措施在政治上是有争议的，因此也是脆弱的。这是因为它们不可避免地把净化空气的成本推给了司机个人–他们必须支付费用或购买更好的车辆–而不是推给汽车“制造商”，而汽车“制造商”的欺骗行为才是造成我们“有毒”污染的真实的原因

169. Unlike so-called basic emotions such as sadness, fear, and anger, guilt emerges a little later, in conjunction with a child’s growing grasp of social and moral norms. Children aren’t born knowing how to say “I’m sorry”; rather, they learn over time that such statements appease parents and friends – and their own consciences.
与悲伤、恐惧和愤怒等所谓的基本情绪不同，内疚感的出现要稍晚一些，”伴随 “着儿童对社会和道德规范的不断掌握。孩子并不是生来就知道如何说 “对不起”；相反，随着时间的推移，他们学会了这种说法 “安抚 “父母和朋友，以及他们自己的良知。
- statement 声明，说法

170. In the popular imagination, of course, guilt still gets a bad rap. It is deeply uncomfortable – it’s the emotional equivalent of wearing a jacket weighted with stones. Yet this understanding is outdated.
当然，在大众的想象中，”内疚 “仍然是个坏名声。它让人深感不安–在情感上 “相当于 “穿着一件装满石头的夹克。然而，这种理解已经过时了。

171. In a number of studies, Malti and others have shown that guilt and sympathy may represent different pathways to cooperation and sharing. Some kids who are low in sympathy may make up for that shortfall by experiencing more guilt, which can rein in their nastier impulses.
马尔蒂等人在多项研究中表明，内疚感和同情心可能 “代表 “合作与分享的不同途径。一些缺乏同情心的孩子可能会通过体验更多的负罪感来弥补这种不足，而负罪感会 “抑制 “他们的 “更恶心 “的 “冲动“。
- rein 缰绳、控制、约束
- impulse 冲动

172. But the remaining trees draw a greater share of the available moisture, so they grow and thrive, restoring the forest’s capacity to pull carbon from the air. Healthy trees are also better able to fend off insects. The landscape is rendered less easily burnable
但是剩下的树木吸收了更多的可用“水分”，所以它们生长并“蓬勃生长”，恢复了森林从空气中吸收碳的能力。健康的树木也能更好地抵御昆虫。风景被“渲染”得不那么容易燃烧
- render 提供，呈现，表达，渲染

173. California plans to treat 35,000 acres of forest a year by 2020, and 60,000 by 2030 – financed from the proceeds of the state’s emissions-permit auctions. That’s only a small share of the total acreage that could benefit, about half a million acres in all, so it will be vital to prioritize areas at greatest risk of fire or drought.
加州计划到 2020 年每年治理 35,000 英亩森林，到 2030 年治理 60,000 亩，资金来自该州排放许可证拍卖的 “收益“。这只是可能受益的总 “面积“（约50万英亩）中的一小部分，因此优先处理火灾或干旱风险最大的地区至关重要。

174. As Koziatek knows,there is learning in just about everything. Nothing is necessarily gained by forcing students to learn geometry at a graffitied desk stuck with generations of discarded chewing gum. They can also learn geometry by assembling a bicycle
正如 Koziatek 所知，几乎所有事情都需要学习。强迫学生在一张贴满了几代人丢弃的口香糖的涂鸦桌子上学习几何，不一定会得到任何好处。他们还可以通过组装自行车来学习几何。

175. Competition law as presently interpreted deals with financial disadvantage to consumers and this is not obvious when the users of these services don’t pay for them. The users of their services are not their customers.That would be the people who buy advertising from them — and Facebook and Google, the two virtual giants, dominate digital advertising to the disadvantage of all other media and entertainment companies.
按照目前对竞争法的解释，竞争法涉及的是对消费者的经济不利，而当这些服务的用户不支付费用时，这一点就不明显了。这些服务的用户并不是它们的客户。而 Facebook 和谷歌这两家虚拟巨头 主导着数字广告，对所有其他媒体和娱乐公司都不利。

176. Parkun is not a race but a time trial： Your only competitor is the clock。 The ethos welcomes anybody。 There is as much joy over a puffed-out first-timer being clapped over the line as there is about top talent shining。 The Olympic bidders， by contrast， wanted to get more people doing sports and to produce more elite athletes。 The dual aim was mixed up： The stress on success over taking part was intimidating for newcomers
Parkun 不是比赛，而是计时赛：你唯一的竞争对手是时间。 Parkun 的精神欢迎任何人参加。相比之下，奥运申办者希望让更多的人参与体育运动，并培养出更多的精英运动员。这双重目标被混淆了：对于新手来说，强调成功而非参与是令人生畏的。
- intimidate 恐吓、威胁
- intimidating 令人畏惧的

177. They had pushed the agency to designate the bird as “endangered,” a status that gives federal officials greater regulatory power to crack down on threats. But Ashe and others argued that the “threatened” tag gave the federal government flexibility to try out new,potentially less confrontational conservation approaches
他们曾推动该机构将这种鸟指定为 “濒危 “鸟类，这种地位赋予了联邦官员更大的监管权力来打击威胁。但阿什等人认为，”濒危 “标签赋予了联邦政府灵活性，可以尝试新的、可能对抗性较小的保护方法

178. The modern mind, Tim Parks, a novelist and critic, writes, “ is overwhelmingly inclined toward communication… It is not simply that one is interrupted; it is that one is actually inclined to interruption.” Deep reading requires not just time, but a special kind of time which can’t be obtained merely by becoming more efficient.
小说家和评论家蒂姆-帕克斯写道，”现代人的思想压倒性的都倾向于交流……这不仅仅是一个人被打断，而是一个人实际上倾向于被打断”。深度阅读不仅需要时间，还需要一种特殊的时间，而这种时间不是仅仅通过提高效率就能获得的。**

179. In fact,”becoming more efficient”is part of the problem.Thinking of time as a resource to be maximised means you approach it instrumentally,judging any given moment as well spent only in so far as it advances progress toward some goal .Immersive reading,by contrast,depands on being willing to risk inefficiency,goallessness,even time-wasting.Try to slot it in as a to-do list item and you’ll manage only goal-focused reading-useful,sometimes but not the most fulfilling kind.
事实上，“变得更有效率”是问题的一部分。把时间看作是一种可以最大化的资源，意味着你要“工具性地”对待它，判断任何给定的时刻是否值得花费，只是因为它能促进朝着某个目标的进展。相比之下，“沉浸式”阅读则依赖于愿意冒低效率、无目标甚至浪费时间的风险。试着把它作为一个待办事项列在清单上，这样你就只能进行目标导向的阅读–有时有用，但不是最满足的那种。

180. “If you and I parachuted back to Fortune 500 companies in 1990，we would see much less frequent use of terms like Journey、mission、passion. There were goals，there were strategies，there were objectives，but we didn’t talk about energy；we didn’t talk about passion。”
如果你和我 “跳伞 “回到 1990 年的财富 500 强公司，我们会发现 “征程”、”使命”、”激情 “等词汇的使用频率要低得多。有目标，有 “战略“，有 “目标“，但我们不谈活力；我们不谈激情。

181. These terms are also–and，as Khurana points out，increase allegiance to the firm。”You have the importation of terminology that historically used to be associated with non-profit organizations and religious organizations：Terms like vision，values，passion，and purpose，”said Khurana
Khurana指出，这些术语还能增加对公司的 “忠诚度“，”你引进了历史上与非营利组织和宗教组织相关的 “术语“：如愿景、价值观、激情和目的等术语。
- terms：n. 词语，术语；期限，任期；学期；条款v. 把…称为，把…叫做

182. What would you do with $590m？This is now a question for Gloria Mackenzie，an 84-year-old widow who recently emerged from her small，tin-roofed house in Florida to collect the biggest undivided lottery jackpot in history.If she hopes her new-found fortune will yield lasting feelings of fulfillment，she could do worse than read Happy Money by Elizabeth Dumn and Michael Norton
你会用5.9亿美元做什么？这现在是格洛丽亚麦肯齐的一个问题，她是一位84岁的“寡妇”，最近从她在佛罗里达的锡屋顶的小房子里出来，收集了历史上最大的未分割“彩票”头奖。如果她希望她的新发现的财富将“产生”持久的满足感，她可以做得比阅读伊丽莎白·达恩和迈克尔·诺顿的《快乐金钱》更糟糕

183. These two academics use an array of behavioral research to show that the most rewarding ways to spend money can be counterintuitive. Fantasies of great wealth often involve visions of fancy cars and extravagant homes.Yet satisfaction with these material purchases wears off fairly quickly
这两个“学者”使用一系列行为研究来表明，最有价值的花钱方式可能是“违反直觉的”。对巨大财富的“幻想”常常包括对豪华汽车和“奢侈”住宅的幻想。然而，对这些物质购买的满意度很快就会“消退”。

184. scarcity enhances the pleasure of most things for most people.Not everyone will agree with the authors‘policy ideas，which range from mandating more holiday time to reducing tax incentives for American homebuyers.But most people will come away from this book believing it was money well spent.
对大多数人来说，”稀缺性 “会增加大多数事情的乐趣。并不是所有人都会同意作者的政策主张，从规定更多的假期时间到减少对美国购房者的税收激励，不一而足。但大多数人读完这本书后都会认为钱花得值。

185. Social psychologists have amassed oceans of research into what they call the “above average effect”, or “illusory superiority”, and shown that, for example, 70% of us rate ourselves as above average in leadership, 93% in driving and85% at getting on well with others—all obviously statistical impossibilities.
社会心理学家对他们所谓的“高于平均水平的效应”或“虚幻的优越感“积累了了大量的研究，并表明，例如，70%的人认为自己在领导能力方面高于平均水平，93%的人认为自己在驾驶方面高于平均水平，85%的人认为自己在与他人相处方面高于平均水平–所有这些显然都是”统计学上“不可能的

186. We rose tint our memories and put ourselves into self-affirming situations. We become defensive when criticized, and apply negative stereotypes to others to boost our own esteem, we stalk around thinking we’re hot stuff
我们给自己的记忆着色，让自己处于自我肯定的境地。当受到批评时，我们会变得防御性，并对他人施加负面的“刻板印象”以提高我们自己的“自尊”，我们会认为自己是热门的“东西”

187. Visual recognition, reads the study, is “an automatic psychological process occurring rapidly and intuitively with little or no apparent conscious deliberation”. If the subjects quickly chose a falsely flattering image- which most did- they genuinely believed it was really how they looked.
该研究称，“视觉识别”是“一种自动的心理过程，它迅速而直观地发生，几乎没有或根本没有明显的有意识的‘深思熟虑’”。如果受试者迅速选择了一个虚假的“美化的”形象–大多数人都是这样做的–他们真的相信这就是他们的真实长相。

188. Knowing the results of Epley’s study,it makes sense that why people heat photographs of themselves so Viscerally——on one level, they don’t even recognize the person in the picture as themselves, Facebook therefore ,is a self-enhancer’s paradise, where people can share only the most flattering photos, the cream of their wit ,style,beauty, intellect and lifestyle。 it’s not that people’s profiles are dishonest,says Catalina toma of Wiscon—Madison university ,”but they portray an idealized version of themselves
了解了Epley的研究结果，“这就说得通了，为什么人们会如此发自内心地热自己的照片–在某种程度上，他们甚至认不出照片中的人就是自己，因此，Facebook是一个自我增强者的‘天堂’，在那里人们只能分享最讨人喜欢的照片，‘他们智慧的精华’，风格，美丽，智慧和生活方式。威斯康星-麦迪逊大学的卡塔利纳托玛说：“这并不是说人们的个人资料不诚实，而是他们描绘了一个理想化的自己

189. The comprehensive spending review offers an opportunity for the government to help rectify this.It needs to put historical prejudices to one side and take some steps to address our urgent housing need.
综合的 “支出审查为政府提供了一个帮助 “纠正 “这一问题的机会。政府需要摒弃历史上的 “偏见“，采取一些措施来解决我们迫切的住房需求。
comprehensive 综合的，全面的，有理解力的

190. When nursery colours were introduced, pink was actually considered the more masculine colour, a pastel version of red, which was associated with strength. Blue, with its intimations of the Virgin Mary, constancy and faithfulness, symbolised femininity. It was not until the mid-1980s, when amplifying age and sex differences became a dominant children’s marketing strategy, that pink fully came into its own, when it began to seem innately attractive to girls, part of what defined them as female, at least for the first few critical years.
当“幼儿园”颜色被引入时，粉红色实际上被认为是更“男性化”的颜色，是红色的“柔和”版本，与力量有关。蓝色暗示童贞玛丽、坚定不移和忠诚，象征女性气质。直到20世纪80年代中期，当“放大”年龄和性别差异成为儿童市场的主要策略时，粉红色才完全发挥了作用，当时它开始对女孩产生“天生的吸引力，至少在最初的几个关键年份，这是将她们定义为女性的一部分。
intimate 亲密的、暗示
intimation 暗示

191. in order to increase sales, they should create a “third stepping stone” between infant wear and older kids’ clothes. It was only after “toddler” became common shoppers’ term that it evolved into a broadly accepted developmental stage. Splitting kids, or adults, into ever-tinier categories has proved a sure-fire way to boost profits. And one of the easiest ways to segment a market is to magnify gender differences - or invent them where they did not previously exist.
要想增加销售额，必须在婴幼儿服装和大童装之间开辟“第三个台阶”。只是在“蹒跚学步”成为普通购物者的“术语”之后，它才“演变”成一个被广泛接受的发展阶段。事实证明，将儿童或成人分成更小的类别是提高利润的可靠方法。细分市场最简单的方法之一就是“放大”性别差异–或者在以前不存在性别差异的地方创造性别差异。
term 学期、术语

english writing

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学习方式/教育/品质行为/科技

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社会热点类：电子商务

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社会热点：扶贫成就

社会热点类：高等教育

教育文化类：创业

硕士招生

100 sentence